如何安裝套件
前提
以移除「hello」這個套件為例。
安裝範例套件
安裝「hello」這個套件
$ sudo apt-get install hello
顯示
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
hello
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/28.1 kB of archives.
After this operation, 111 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Selecting previously unselected package hello.
(Reading database ... 947421 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../archives/hello_2.8-4_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking hello (2.8-4) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (5.2.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up hello (2.8-4) ...
就會安裝「hello」這個套件了。
查看一些相關的訊息，驗證一下，是否安裝。
執行
$ dpkg -l hello
顯示
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-============================-===================-===================-==============================================================
ii hello 2.8-4 amd64 The classic greeting, and a good example
觀看「hello」這個套件，安裝了那些檔案到系統。
$ dpkg -L hello
顯示
/.
/usr
/usr/bin
/usr/bin/hello
/usr/share
/usr/share/info
/usr/share/info/hello.info.gz
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/hello
/usr/share/doc/hello/NEWS
/usr/share/doc/hello/copyright
/usr/share/doc/hello/changelog.Debian.gz
/usr/share/man
/usr/share/man/man1
/usr/share/man/man1/hello.1.gz
觀看「hello」這個套件，有那些「Control File」和「Maintainer Script」。
$ ls /var/lib/dpkg/info/hello* -1
顯示
/var/lib/dpkg/info/hello.list
/var/lib/dpkg/info/hello.md5sums
執行
$ ls /var/cache/apt/archives/hello*
顯示
/var/cache/apt/archives/hello_2.8-4_amd64.deb
執行
$ dpkg -s hello
顯示
Package: hello
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 108
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.8-4
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info
Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
Original-Maintainer: Santiago Vila <sanvila@debian.org>
Homepage: http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/
觀看「/var/lib/dpkg/status」
$ grep 'Package: hello' /var/lib/dpkg/status -A 18
顯示
Package: hello
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 108
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.8-4
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info
Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
Original-Maintainer: Santiago Vila <sanvila@debian.org>
Homepage: http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/
觀看「/var/lib/dpkg/available」
$ grep 'Package: hello' /var/lib/dpkg/available -A 18
顯示
Package: hello
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 108
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.8-4
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info
Size: 28148
Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
Original-Maintainer: Santiago Vila <sanvila@debian.org>
Homepage: http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/
dpkg 移除
執行
$ sudo dpkg -r hello
或是
$ sudo dpkg --remove hello
來移除「hello」這個套件
會顯示
(Reading database ... 947427 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing hello (2.8-4) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (5.2.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
就會把「hello」這個套件移除了。
另外有一種「dpkg -P」或「dpkg --purge」的移除方式，另外一篇來討論。
查看一些相關的訊息，驗證一下，是否移除。
執行
$ dpkg -l hello
顯示
dpkg-query: no packages found matching hello
觀看「hello」這個套件，安裝了那些檔案到系統，是否還存在。
$ dpkg -L hello
顯示
dpkg-query: package 'hello' is not installed
Use dpkg --info (= dpkg-deb --info) to examine archive files,
and dpkg --contents (= dpkg-deb --contents) to list their contents
觀看「hello」這個套件，那些「Control File」和「Maintainer Script」，是否還存在。
$ ls /var/lib/dpkg/info/hello* -1
顯示
ls: cannot access /var/lib/dpkg/info/hello*: No such file or directory
執行
$ ls /var/cache/apt/archives/hello*
顯示
/var/cache/apt/archives/hello_2.8-4_amd64.deb
執行
$ dpkg -s hello
顯示
dpkg-query: package 'hello' is not installed and no information is available
Use dpkg --info (= dpkg-deb --info) to examine archive files,
and dpkg --contents (= dpkg-deb --contents) to list their contents.
觀看「/var/lib/dpkg/status」
$ grep 'Package: hello' /var/lib/dpkg/status -A 18
沒有顯示訊息。
觀看「/var/lib/dpkg/available」
$ grep 'Package: hello' /var/lib/dpkg/available -A 18
顯示
Package: hello
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 108
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.8-4
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info
Size: 28148
Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
Original-Maintainer: Santiago Vila <sanvila@debian.org>
Homepage: http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/
apt-get 移除
執行
$ sudo apt-get remove hello
顯示
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
hello
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
After this operation, 111 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
按下「Enter」
顯示
(Reading database ... 947427 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing hello (2.8-4) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (5.2.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
aptitude 移除
執行
$ sudo aptitude remove hello
顯示
The following packages will be REMOVED:
hello
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B of archives. After unpacking 111 kB will be freed.
(Reading database ... 947386 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing hello (2.8-4) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (5.2.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
select 移除
產生要移除的套件列表檔案「list.txt」
$ echo 'hello deinstall' > list.txt
確認觀看「list.txt」內容
$ cat list.txt
顯示
hello deinstall
設定要刪除
$ sudo dpkg --set-selections < list.txt
執行
$ dpkg --get-selections | grep hello
顯示
hello deinstall
執行
$ dpkg -l hello
顯示
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-============================-===================-===================-==============================================================
ri hello 2.8-4 amd64 The classic greeting, and a good example
執行
$ dpkg -s hello
顯示
Package: hello
Status: deinstall ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 108
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.8-4
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info
Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
Original-Maintainer: Santiago Vila <sanvila@debian.org>
Homepage: http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/
觀看「/var/lib/dpkg/status」
$ grep 'Package: hello' /var/lib/dpkg/status -A 18
顯示
Package: hello
Status: deinstall ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: devel
Installed-Size: 108
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 2.8-4
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.14), dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info
Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which
would otherwise be unavailable to them.
.
Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
(which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
Original-Maintainer: Santiago Vila <sanvila@debian.org>
Homepage: http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/
注意「Status」那一行
Status: deinstall ok installed
這時候只要執行
$ sudo dpkg -r -a
或是
$ sudo dpkg --remove --pending
顯示
(Reading database ... 947386 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing hello (2.8-4) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (5.2.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
就會把「hello」這個套件移除了。
或是當你執行完「set-selections」。
執行下面的指令
$ sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade
就會出現下面的訊息
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
hello
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
After this operation, 111 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
按下「Enter」
就會顯示
(Reading database ... 947386 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing hello (2.8-4) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.6.7.1-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for install-info (5.2.0.dfsg.1-2) ...
一樣會把「hello」這個套件移除。
或是當你執行完「set-selections」。
執行下面的指令
$ sudo aptitude install
一樣會把「hello」這個套件移除。
$ man dpkg
可以看到其中一段
Package selection states
install
The package is selected for installation.
hold A package marked to be on hold is not handled by dpkg, unless
forced to do that with option --force-hold.
deinstall
The package is selected for deinstallation (i.e. we want to
remove all files, except configuration files).
purge The package is selected to be purged (i.e. we want to remove
everything from system directories, even configuration files).
強制移除
當有卡住的情況時，可以執行下面的指令來強制移除。 主要是加入「--force-depends」這個參數。
$ sudo dpkg -r --force-depends hello
相關文件說明
$ man dpkg
可以看到其中一段
-?, --help
Display a brief help message.
--force-help
Give help about the --force-thing options.
然後查詢「forece-thing」，就可以看到
--force-things, --no-force-things, --refuse-things
...略...
depends: Turn all dependency problems into warnings.
...略...
執行
$ dpkg --help
可以看到
Options:
...略...
--force-... Override problems (see --force-help).
...略...
執行
$ dpkg --force-help
則是可以看到
dpkg forcing options - control behaviour when problems found:
warn but continue: --force-<thing>,<thing>,...
stop with error: --refuse-<thing>,<thing>,... | --no-force-<thing>,...
Forcing things:
[!] all Set all force options
[*] downgrade Replace a package with a lower version
configure-any Configure any package which may help this one
hold Process incidental packages even when on hold
not-root Try to (de)install things even when not root
bad-path PATH is missing important programs, problems likely
bad-verify Install a package even if it fails authenticity check
bad-version Process even packages with wrong versions
overwrite Overwrite a file from one package with another
overwrite-diverted Overwrite a diverted file with an undiverted version
[!] overwrite-dir Overwrite one package's directory with another's file
[!] unsafe-io Do not perform safe I/O operations when unpacking
[!] confnew Always use the new config files, don't prompt
[!] confold Always use the old config files, don't prompt
[!] confdef Use the default option for new config files if one
is available, don't prompt. If no default can be found,
you will be prompted unless one of the confold or
confnew options is also given
[!] confmiss Always install missing config files
[!] confask Offer to replace config files with no new versions
[!] architecture Process even packages with wrong or no architecture
[!] breaks Install even if it would break another package
[!] conflicts Allow installation of conflicting packages
[!] depends Turn all dependency problems into warnings
[!] depends-version Turn dependency version problems into warnings
[!] remove-reinstreq Remove packages which require installation
[!] remove-essential Remove an essential package
WARNING - use of options marked [!] can seriously damage your installation.
Forcing options marked [*] are enabled by default.